Science Drive of
Carmans River Headwaters

By Joseph Gabrinowitz

For the Earth Science Research Project at
Stony Brook
University

Link
to printable pdf file of quadrafold Science Drive brochure. For best
results print on 8.5" x 14" paper

About twenty thousand years ago, the Wisconsinan glacier,
which covered much of North America, reached the present location of Long
Island. If the terminus of the glacier remains in place for a few years
(no net change in ice deposits), a distinct ridge of sediment called a
moraine forms along the front edge of the ice. On Long Island there are
two such ridges the Ronkonkoma Moraine in the center of Long Island that
also forms the southern fork of Long Island and the Harbor Hill Moraine
along the north shore of Long Island and that forms the northern fork of
Long Island.

As the front of the glacier retreats it sometimes leaves
behind huge blocks of ice which becomes surrounded by sediments carried by
glacial melt water streams. As the ice block melts, a depression forms
called a kettle. If the bottom of the kettle is filled with fine-grained
sediment or the groundwater table intersects the bottom of the kettle, the
kettle may have standing water in it and it becomes a kettle lake or
kettle pond (see Fig. 1.)

Fig.1. Cross sections showing the development of kettle
holes and kettle lakes. A. A block of ice is left behind by the
retreating glacier. B. Sediments from the glacier bury the block of
ice. C. After the ice melts a depression is left behind. The kettle
is dry if the water table is below the bottom of the kettle. D. A
kettle lake forms if the water table is higher than the bottom of the
kettle.\

As rain falls or snow melts some of the water infiltrates
the surface. At some depth the water fills the pore spaces of the sediment
or bedrock where it is called groundwater. The top surface of the
groundwater is called the water table. As the water table or elevation of
groundwater below the surface began to rise along with the rising of sea
level thousands of years ago, it began to fill some depressions in the
land surface such as kettles. This resulted in the development of kettle
lakes and ponds. A well-known Long Island example of a kettle lake is Lake
Ronkonkoma. Long Island has many kettles only a few of which have water in
them.

Several wide and deep valleys on Long Island cut the
Ronkonkoma Moraine and head toward the Great South Bay and the Atlantic
Ocean. The Carmans River Valley lies within one of these valleys a larger
Ancient valley of unknown origin. Figure 2 shows the extent of the larger
Ancient Valley, which cuts the Ronkonkoma Moraine. The action of glacial
ice and meltwater are likely suspects for the formation of this
valley.

Fig. 2. Map showing the headwater area of the Carmans
River and the stops in this science drive.
(Click on thumbnail for a
larger image.)

Digital elevation model of the Carmans River and to the
north. The science walk stops are the numbers in white. It can be seen on
this map that while the headlands of the Carmans River is essentially at
Stop 1 the valley that the Carmans River occupies extends further to the
north indicating that this valley is old. (Click on the image to get a
larger image.)

Branching tributaries developed within the ancient valley.
These branches can be seen on the Digital Elevation Model of this area and
in the areas shown as kettle valley in Fig. 2. The tributary valleys run
down East Bartlett Road on the west and down Wading River Hollow Road on
the east. As the glacier retreated these tributaries became dry. Later as
the water table rose, the low-lying valley presently occupied by the
Carmans River and some of the kettles were flooded with groundwater. The
tributary on the east side of the Ancient Valley is still above the water
table and is the site of Wading River Hollow Road. Just west of this
valley is Artist Lake, a kettle lake. The west side tributary left behind
kettle valley topography, and several kettle lakes and ponds; the largest
of which is Spring Lake.

Heading east from Route 112 (2.3 miles), on Route 25 through
Coram and Middle Island, you are on the north side of the moraine. Look at
the map provided to orient yourself. Make a mental note of where the
Ronkonkoma Moraine, water bodies, and major roads are located. As you
descend along the hilly topography to the south, at the intersection of
Bartlett Road and Route 25 (just after Bartlett Pond Park) is the first of
several areas of kettle valley topographies in this area. (We will stop
here later to discuss the area in more detail). When you reach the top of
the next rise (in front of Carl Harts Bicycle Shop) 0.5 miles after
Bartlett Road, look down toward the Longwood Library, it is on the south
side of Rt. 25 at the base of the hill (0.3 miles). Make a left turn into
the repair shop across from the library and park in the dirt lot behind
it. This stop 1.

Stop 1.

The elevation change from the top of the rise to the base is
about 80 feet. This rise is the western wall of a larger Ancient Valley.
The valley that the Carmans River and its estuary now occupy extends
northward to Route 25A (~4 miles north of here). A repair shop, the
library, and an old lumberyard now occupy this part of the Carmans River
headwaters area. Remnants of the headwaters can be found in the small pond
and wetland area behind the repair shop. You may see a ring of the common
reed phragmites (a common invasive wetland plant), as you look northward
into the woods. The phragmites tend to thrive in areas that are
periodically submerged in water. Because current topographic elevation and
the regional groundwater table elevation are about the same (~50’ above
mean sea level) these are a groundwater fed pond and wetland. That means
the water table is at or above the land surface.

Continuing up the rise through Middle Island you are
ascending the east side of the Carmans River Valley within the larger
Ancient Valley. As you reach the top of the rise you are at an elevation
of 90 feet above sea level. You should be able to see a lake in the valley
to your right as you descend the rise. This is Artist Lake. Park on the
east side of the shopping center lot across from the lake and close to the
road. (0.6 miles from the library)

Stop 2. Artist Lake-

The lake, contrary to popular belief is not man made. The
bottom of the lake is at an elevation of 47 feet, which is about 3 to 5
feet below the regional water table. How deep is the lake? You are
standing in the parking lot of K-Mart and looking southwest toward the
lake. There was a time when the northeastern most side of the lake
continued across the road and into the parking lot where you stand.

The lake was given its name in the middle 1800s by locals
who hoped to attract artists and painters to the area. It worked. A man by
the name of Alonzo Chappel moved here in 1869. He painted historic
revolutionary war scenes and historic people, which hang in museums all
over the world. If you look at the map of the lake in figure 3, you will
see that it resembles a painters palette. The lake is believed to be a
kettle lake and lies in the middle of the larger Ancient Valley. If it is
indeed a kettle lake, can you imagine the size of the block of glacial ice
that was buried here?

Fig. 3 Perspective view of the headwaters area as the
glacier is retreating.
(Click on thumbnail for a larger
image.

Continuing east 0.7 miles on Route 25 you will ascend to a
terrace, a flat area within a valley. The terrace is just above the kettle
valley topography and below the eastern wall of the Ancient Valley. At 0.7
miles make a right turn on Wading River Hollow road and continue to its
end 1.5 miles south to Longwood Road. As your driving, look to your left
or east. Is there a significant change in elevation beyond the houses?
This is the eastern wall of the Ancient River Valley (See Fig. 2). At
Longwood road, make a left turn, drive to the top of the rise and pull
over on the side of the road just before the school. If school is not in
session you can park in the school lot.

Stop 3. Longwood High school-

Make your way to the south end of the school parking lot on
foot or with your vehicle. You should be able to see the Middle Island
Country Club and tall pine trees in front of you as you look to the west.
The school lies north of the Ronkonkoma Moraine and east of the Carmans
River. This is a rather spectacular view across the Ancient Valley. As you
can see from the map you are standing near the edge of the eastern wall of
the Ancient Valley looking to the western wall, which is the prominent
tree line about a mile away.

Head west on Longwood road to the intersection of Route 21
(0.25 miles) notice the change in elevation. At the end of Longwood road,
directly across the street, lies Cathedral Pines County Park (stop3). Make
a left turn onto Route 21 and quick right into the park. You can park in
the lot on the south side of the road.

Stop 4. Cathedral Pines County Park-

As you enter the park you crossed the Carmans River. The
park encompasses the entire area of the modern Carmans River headwaters.
The headwaters run parallel to Route 21 for about ¾ miles before turning
northwest and ending behind the Longwood Library and Wal-Mart. A large
percentage of the pines in the park were planted in the early 1800’s. In
1812, a man named “Uncle Billy” Dayton planted some white pine trees on
his land on the road to Yaphank (Rt. 21). They soon grew so tall and
beautiful that people who came to see them called them “The Pine Cathedral
and “Prossers Cathedral Pines,” after the next family to live there. This
area is located just north and east of here at the Prosser Pines County
Nature Preserve (see map).

At the south end of the parking lot is the beginning of a
bike trail marked with a wooden sign. The trail is outlined on the figure
2. The headwaters run parallel to the trail and then cross East Bartlett
Road through a culvert pipes to the Upper Lake (see figure 2). This
culvert pipe represents the transition from the headwaters to the
beginning of the Upper Lake region of the Carmans River. This area is the
focus of my research, which is described in the web site. The area is also
a major part of the fresh water wetlands that ring the park. The park and
wetlands support a variety of wildlife, which include deer, several
varieties of hawks, migratory birds (ducks, geese etc.), and egrets. The
aquatic habits have been known to support trout, chain pickerel and many
macro-invertebrates (bugs that live in or near water). The headwaters of
many river systems are vital in the survival of the downstream ecosystems
therefore; contaminants that could get into the river in this area could
have significant impacts downstream. The land use in the area is mostly
parkland, residential homes, and agriculture. What types of contaminants
might you expect to occur in surface water runoff or in the
groundwater?

Exit the park and head south (miles) on Route 21 past East
Bartlett Road and watch for the Middle Island Country Club, as you pass
the entrance to the club notice that on the left or east of the road is a
significant increase in elevation, while on the west side of the road
there is a depression. This is the eastern wall of the Ancient Valley
where it cuts the Ronkonkoma Moraine (See figure 2). Continue south on Rt.
21 for 1.5 miles from the park. On your right before the traffic light is
Swezy Park stop 5.

Stop 5. Carmans River Upper Lake-Swezy Park

The upper and lower lakes of the Carmans River have been
dammed since the late 1700s to early 1800s for conveying logs to a mill on
the river in Yaphank. The mill no longer exists however; some historical
buildings remain. Walk down to the shore and look too the northwest. The
line of trees in the background is along the west side the Ancient Valley
where it cuts the Ronkonkoma Moraine (See figure 2). Head back north on
route 21 to East Bartlett road. Make a left turn onto East Bartlett and
continue ½ mile west to the intersection of Ashton and East Bartlett
roads. Make a left on Ashton and continue a 1/8 of a mile to Silvia lane
this is stop 6. Park on Silvia or Ashton Road.

Stop 6. Western valley wall of Ronkonkoma Moraine-

Walk another 1/8 mile south to the power lines on the west
side of the road. The terrain is steep so take care when walking. Hike up
the trail about 1/8 of a mile. Look back east to see your change in
elevation. Continue up the hill for another 1/8-mile until you find
utility pole #106 and look back east (for a better view climb to the top
of the cliff). The buildings in the distance are part of Longwood High
School, which lies at the top Ancient Valley wall at stop 2. You are now
standing in the trees we were viewing at stop 2 (about a mile away). The
change in elevation from Silvia Lane to your current position is about 120
feet. The highest point of the moraine in this area is about 210 feet
above sea level, impressive for Long Island. As you make your way down the
moraine, look at the small drainage valley on the north side of the
trail.

Head north, back up Ashton Road to East Bartlett Road, at
the intersection continue straight up east Bartlett for about a 1.5 miles.
On your left or west side, you will start to see small ponds these are
part of the continuing kettle valley topography that drained into the
Ancient Valley from the west. (Look at your map to locate them). At the
stop sign, you will see the Spring Lake Golf Club on your left. Proceed
north, parallel to the course to a small park on the left (it is a gravel
parking lot with a few picnic tables) this is stop 7, and great place to
have a snack and enjoy the view.

Stop 7. Spring Lake-

Spring Lake is a kettle lake. A common misconception of
kettle lakes is that the source of water is the melting of the glacier ice
block. However, the melt waters would have seeped into the ground or been
diluted by rainwater shortly after their formation. The small ponds to the
north of the main body of water are man made. They were constructed as a
water hazard for the golf course, which was built in the 1950’s. The ponds
were once a partially submerged fresh water wetland that continued across
RT 25, behind the strip mall and then a ½-mile west before drying up. The
depressions were filled in to make way for new housing about the same time
the golf course was built.

Rt. 25 is just at the end of Bartlett Road you should be
able to find your way back home from there.

Visit the web site at www.geo.sunysb.edu/esp for copies
of this Science Drive and other science walks on Long Island.